sociology Essays - Religion And Science, Philosophy Of Science

Merton?s exposition was done in 1936. An amended form showed up in 1938 as a monograph in Sarton?s arrangement, Osiris, with the new title, Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England. Later it was distributed in book structure, with numerous unknown dialect interpretations to follow. Against the predominant view that religion and science were contradictory, Merton shown the impact of Puritanism on the development of seventeenth-century science in England, a finding that was at the center of the ?Merton postulation,? as it got known in scholarly speech. Integral to Max Weber?s proposal about the birthplaces of the entrepreneur soul in Puritanism, Merton?s work was to turn into an establishment for the ascent of the humanism of science in America. It generated a surge of editorial, of which the best assortment is Puritanism what's more, the Rise of Modern Science: The Merton Thesis, altered by I. B. Cohen (1990). The destiny of this work additionally represents another topic that intrigued Merton?the appropriation of logical and insightful consideration. Consequently, while the ?Merton proposition? gotten practically all the consideration of the pundits, different pieces of the book were disregarded, despite the fact that they, as well, were considerable commitments to the humanism of science, for example, itemizing the impact of monetary and military needs on logical issue decision in seventeenth-century England.

Has technology made us lazier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Has innovation made us lazier - Essay Example New age innovation which we capture in the twenty-first century, has totally changed the manner in which we see life. In addition to the fact that life is a lot less complex in specific viewpoints, yet life presently has a checked manner which was totally unconceivable even a 100 years back. One significant and entirely discernible miracle that innovation has accomplished lately is the conceiving of globalization, where the world has noticeably contracted, in wording other than alluding to the earth’s size. Today innovation, from a strict perspective, has figured out how to put the whole world inside the palms of a human hand. This is anyway simply the superb part in the section on innovation, and a more intensive look will uncover that the whole story isn't so blushing, all things considered. There is additionally a darker vista that remaining parts taken cover behind all the pageantry and brilliance that is regularly depicted, a dim feature that shows an innovation subordina te human psyche getting pointless. To an extreme dependence on innovation likewise will in general make man lazier, subsequently he turns out to be truly awkward as well, and which is currently very unmistakable in the rising instances of youngster and grown-up heftiness issues, that we see surrounding us. So we remain at a junction, where we should choose and the steer of our future into our own hands. We should accept choice with respect to whether innovation ought to be permitted to assume control over our lives, totally. This article will inspect both the positive and negative impacts of innovation on our lives, and will talk about what our future will resembles if for sure we permit innovation to turn into our lord. It will investigate the conceivable outcomes with respect to whether innovation is really causing us to experience the ill effects of weight, both intellectually and truly. A short history of innovation: â€Å"From the beginnings of human culture on earth, individuals have attempted to endure and thrive, and they have utilized innovation as a guide in the struggle† (Ferkiss, 1993, 1). The main man made mechanical

A Minimalists Thoughts On Money

A Minimalists Thoughts On Money I don’t think about money the way I used to. I used to think money was more important than just about everything else in life. So I sacrificed to make money, and then I sacrificed more to make more, and then I sacrificed even more to make even more, working too many hours, forsaking my health, forsaking the people closest to me, forsaking everything important in pursuit of the almighty dollar. The more things I forsook, the more important the money became. Something was missing. “I’m dizzy from the shopping mall I searched for joy, but I bought it all It doesn’t help the hunger pains and a thirst I’d have to drown first to ever satiate” â€"John Mayer I made good moneyâ€"nay, great moneyâ€"during my days in the corporate arena, but the problem was I spent even better money. And that was a serious source of dissatisfaction in my life, one that would haunt me for most of my twenties. When I was nineteen, I worked six or seven days a week, and I earned more than $50,000 a year, which for a degree-less poor kid from Dayton, Ohio, that’s a lot of moneyâ€"more money than my mother ever earned. The problem was that when I was earning 50 grand, I was spending 65; and then when I was earning 65, I was spending 80. Eventually, I’d worked my way up the corporate ladder, working 362 days a year (literally), and I was earning a six-figure salary. That sounds great, but I was still spending more than I was bringing home, and that equation never balances. So instead of bringing home a great salary, I brought home debt, anxiety, and overwhelming amounts of discontent. My love and hatred of money (love of spending it, hatred of never having enough) was, in fact, my largest source of discontent. Call me stupid. Go ahead, you should. I was stupid. I wasn’t stupid just because I was wasting my income, thoughâ€"I was far more stupid because of the value I gave to money. I told myself I was a number, there was a dollar sign on my head, I could be bought. I told others they could take my time and my freedom in exchange for green pieces of paper with dead slave owners’ faces printed on them. That changed when I stopped giving such importance to money. I need money to pay rent, to put food on the table, to put gas in the car, to pay for health insuranceâ€"but I needn’t struggle to earn money to buy crap I don’t need. Minimalism has allowed me to get rid of life’s excess so I can focus on what’s essential. And now, at 31, I make less money than my ignorant nineteen-year-old self, and yet I’m not in debt, I’m not struggling, and most important, I’m happy. Now, before I spend money, I ask myself one question: Is this worth my freedom? Is this coffee worth $2 of my freedom? Is this shirt worth $30 of my freedom? Is this car worth $20,000 of my freedom? In other words, am I going to get more value from the thing I’m about to purchase, or am I going to get more value from my freedom? Don’t you think it’s a question worth asking yourself? These days I know every dollar I spend adds immense value to my life. There is a roof over my head at night, the books or the music I purchase bring me joy, the few clothes I own keep me warm, the experiences I share with others at a movie or a concert add value to my life and theirs, and a cup of tea with my best friend becomes far more significant than a trip to the mall ever could. I no longer waste my money, and thus it’s far less important to pursue it endlessly. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Alcohol Consumption And Underage Drinking - 1561 Words

Alcohol consumption and underage drinking has been a major social problem and public health concern for centuries. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), â€Å"Alcohol is the most commonly used and abused drug among youth in the United States, more than tobacco and illicit drugs, and is responsible for more than 4,300 annual deaths among underage youth (Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking). Alcohol has always been part of our culture as well as a debatable topic in our society and the controversy over alcohol consumption, in general, has been a long-standing issue in America. In fact, the legal history of alcohol helped shape our country because of the way that it closely correlates with both economic and social shifts. People who oppose the use of alcohol have made several failed attempts to put restrictions on its production, sales, and consumption. This dates back to the late 1700’s, starting with the Whiskey Rebellion, followed by the Temperance Movement in the e arly 1800’s, and subsequently by the more renowned era of Prohibition, which started when the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed in 1919. Alcohol was banned for almost 14 years during Prohibition, but was repealed with the passing of the 21st amendment in 1933, and later followed by the adoption of minimum legal drinking age policies in all states. Most states decided the legal drinking age to be 21 until 1971, when congress passed the 26th Amendment, which lowered the legal age to voteShow MoreRelatedUnderage drinking1086 Words   |  5 Pages Underage Drinking It is five o clock on a Friday night and classes are over for the weekend. The options for this evening are the kegger down the street, drinking at the bonfire, or sneaking into a bar with a fake ID. This can be a normal weekend for an underage drinker. Underage alcohol consumption can be very common in the weekly routine for many students. There are many different types of drinkers and reasons for their drinking habits. Some people may drink for social reasons and othersRead MoreAlcohol Is The Drug Of Choice Among Youth1692 Words   |  7 PagesCan a person be too young to become addicted to alcohol and drugs? Or why is age of first use of alcohol is critically important? There are many questions raised on consumption of alcohol when it comes on drinking at early age. Alcohol often has a strong effect on people and throughout history, we have struggled to understand and manage the power of alcohol. However, we hardly think how much alcohol is too much for us, unless we get into any kind of trouble or shows some physical or mental effectsRead MoreHealth Assessment : Underage Drinking1470 Words   |  6 PagesKeebiela Porteous HA 560 Community Health Assessment Kaplan University June 16, 2015 Health Assessment: Underage drinking in Brooklyn, NY U.S. Census data on Kings County in the state of New York Brooklyn, NY which is considered Kings County population is 2,621,793, of that population 52.6% are females and 47.4% are males. In regard of races and ethnicity in the Kings County population Only White is 49.5%, Black or African American is 35.4%, American Indian and Alaska NativeRead MoreUnderage Drinking1369 Words   |  6 PagesUnderage Drinking Introduction Underage drinking has long been, and continues to be, a serious public health concern. â€Å"Teen alcohol use kills more than 4700 people each year and high school students who use alcohol or other drugs are five times more likely to drop out of school† (MADD, 2014) than kids who do not. There have been years of underage drinking prevention programs to curtail the use of alcohol by those under 21 years of age and yet alcohol is the most widely used drug by adolescentsRead MoreThe Alcohol Consumption Of Residents Of On Campus894 Words   |  4 Pagesresidence hall in the University of Houston which underage students reside in as well as off-campus residents. The group criteria will be limited to students under the age of 21 with equal amounts of males and females. Participation in the study will be voluntary. The incentive for this study is if they choose to participate, then they will receive a gift card. The proposed study will attempt to observe the difference between th e alcohol consumption of residents of on campus Design The study will beRead MoreUnderage Drinking As A New Phenomenon1475 Words   |  6 PagesUnderage drinking in the US is one of the social issues, which has been responsible for numerous economic losses, accidents, deaths and crimes. Youth have become actively involved in drinking abuse, where they lose their sense of understanding and comprehension. To eradicate the social issue of underage drinking, numerous strategies have been implemented by the US government, where some of them were successful, while others were not able to produce significant reduction in underage drinking. TodayRead MoreEssay on Alcohol and Teens: The Effects of Teenage Drinking1520 Words   |  7 Pages When at a party, a student sees another teenager drinking a beer. Thinking nothing of it, the teenager picks up a large bottle labeled Vodka and beings to chug the contents of the bottle. The alcohol rushes through her body and she suddenly has a sense of feeling free and letting loose. The next thin g the teenage girl remembers is waking up in a hospital bed to her mother crying by her bed side. The only thing her mom could say was â€Å"Honey, please wake up. Please be okay, I want you to beRead MoreUnderage Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse1597 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society, there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, from high school to college, andRead More Effects of Underage Drinking on Society Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesUnderage Drinking Anyone who is below eighteen years of age is considered as underage and laws in many countries prohibit such a person from consuming alcohol. Alcohol happens to be the most commonly abused drug not only among the youth but also among adults. This paper explores underage drinking, its effects on the society and outlines what can be done to curb it. Young people are considered to constitute the largest number of alcohol consumers and they account for a large portion of alcoholRead MoreUnderage Drinking Essays1216 Words   |  5 Pagesbehind the controls. Further adding to the danger is the ever prevalent risk of a fellow driver being impaired by the usage of alcohol; perhaps the only thing that may make such a situation even more difficult and dangerous is one who is under the legal alcohol drinking age. Fewer situations are more life threatening than when an underage driver has been illegally consuming alcohol, yet persists in the belief that he or she retains the ability to drive safely. Thoughts along this line are foolish at best

Symbolism And Character Development In Everyday Use - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1976 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Everyday Use Essay Did you like this example? In summary, everyday use is a short story told from Mamars point of view, she is described as a big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands (Walker, P. 1126). At the very start of the story, Mama awaits for the return visit of Dee, her eldest daughter. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Symbolism And Character Development In Everyday Use" essay for you Create order Mama and her younger daughter, Maggie, stands next to each other as they both hesitantly awaits the arrival of Dee. As they are waiting, the audience receives a taste of Mamas life and her relationship with Dee. Apart from Mama and Maggie, we learn that Dee have always desired more than her family history or Mama could offer her. Dee is educated and is clearly intelligent and driven, we get the sense that her achievements have come at the cost of her mother and her younger sibling. When Dee finally showed up at the scene, she was accompanied by a young man named Hakim-a-barber, whom Mama refers to as Asalamalakim. As soon as Dee showed up, it was clear that she was not the same person she is now then when she left, starting with the fact that she insisted on being called, Wangero rather than her original name, Dee. Both Dee and her boyfriend are more focused on getting artifacts than truly connecting and engaging with Mama and Maggie. They searched through Mamars belongings in hope of finding original pieces of old rural black life (history), a life and history that Dee has long ago divorced herself from. Dee continuously shoots insults at Mama and Maggie, indirect as casual chit-chat, directed at Mama and her sister. Dee demands on obtaining old quilts that are put away for Maggie. After Mamars endurance of Deers inappropriate insults, mama informs Wangero to take two other quilts not intended for Maggie and depart. Dee advices Maggie to make something of hers elf and mockingly direct at her Mama that she contains no understanding of her own heritage. Next, Dee and Hakim-a-barber got into their car and depart. Analysis: In Everyday Use, Walker uses the possessions found in Mamars home that represent culture, heritage and tradition. Dee arrives to visit her mother and at her arrival, she saw her motherrs house as a symbol of her childhood and background. Dee begins to notice her surroundings. The first thing she paid attention to was the benches. As she takes time to the admiration of the benches, Dee says, You can feel the rump prints (Walker 112). This scene from the story clearly conveys to the audience that the author intentionally put that sentence to tell the readers that the benches hold a history. In other words, the benches have been in home for many years. Therefore, the benches stand as a representation of the characters past and experiences. There are many symbols to consider, but another symbol that the author utilize is the butter churn and dash. When talking about these items, the author tells, there were a lot of small sinks; you could see where thumbs and fingers had sunk into the wo od (Walker, P.112). The author is trying to sending a message the audience that there is history behind the butter dash. Some of the characters good and bad past experiences are contained within the butter dash. The butter dash may be an everyday use item; however, some good and bad experiences that have taken place in our everyday life around the table took place in the present of the butter dash (if the household possesses one). With all this being said, it means that every time you would trough a stare at the butter dash, the remembrance of these experience are in a way, relieved. The author proceeds on describing the butter dash by saying that it was made of beautiful light yellow wood, from a tree that grew in the yard where Big Dee and Stash had lived (Walker, P.112). The description of the butter dash represent the history. The fact that the author included the remembering of the history tells the audience that the author puts values heritage. With these items, the author tells the audience of their history. This shows the authorrs gratitude of knowing the history behind things. The author is clearly concerned about the sensitive artifacts of the African American past. By writing the story everyday use, the author clearly demonstrate that she recognizes the need to preserve the fragile artifacts of the African American past. In other words, the appreciation of the benches and the butter churn are items that represent African American traditions. Walker strongly believe that there is a need to explain the significance of concerning the African American culture and heritage and the author used these everyday items to symbolize that importance. Culture: The items such as the benches, the butter dash and the quilts obviously signify African American culture and heritage. Among the other everyday items, the quilts are the most important symbol that the author utilize in the story Everyday Use. When Dee carried the quilts out, the author digs into thorough details about the meaning behind these quilts. The author says, in both of [the quilts] were scraps of dresses Grandma Dee had worn fifty and more years ago. Bits and pieces of Grandpa Jarrellrs Paisley shirts. And one teeny faded blue piece, about the size of a penny matchbox, that was from Great Grandpa Ezrars uniform that he wore in the Civil War (Walker, P.113). The quilts symbolizes the complete past of the family that dates back to the time of the Civil War. The quilts hold great importance to the culture, and not only representation of the past. They also symbolize the hard work of the family members. The African American quilts are clear symbols representing the African American tradition. According to African American history of the quilts, the purpose of the quilts was a productive way for the African American slave women to pass time, and finally, the quilts were used and needed as a necessity to keep slaves warm during the winter time. Even though some people, for instance Dee, view the quilts as something that should be used as a mean of beautification. On the other hand, the author does view the quilts the same way. Walker believes that The quilts represents history and tradition. In other words, the author uses these quilts to symbolize the appreciation and respect of African American culture. According to Houston A. Baker, Jr., a nd Charlotte Pierce-Baker, the quilts, in their patched and many-colored glory offer not a counter to tradition, but, in fact, an instance of the only legitimate tradition of ?the people that exists (311). In other words, the quilts in Everyday Use are one of the only symbols that represent traditions during that time era. In Everyday Use, the quilts are the most significant part making up the story, and the author uses the quilts to show the traditions of African-American heritage. Heritage The author portray the appreciation she contain towards preserving and respecting the African American culture and heritage through the development of the characters. The she story contains three main characters. Mama is one of the main characters that shows the most transformation in character. In the story, Mama starts off by discussing her daughters. She clearly see Dee as the lovelier and more intelligent daughter. She seems to think highly of Dee. She says, [Maggie] thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that ?no is a word the world never learned to say to her (Walker, P.109). Mama says this because she recognizes that Dee always gets everything she desires, and no one ever denies her anything, including Mama. Mama knows that Dee has unusual ways that does not resemble the ways of Mama or Maggiers, but in some ways Mama seems to look up to Dee and longs for Dee to accept her. Tuten agrees by saying, Mamars distaste for Deers egotism is tempered by her de sire to be respected by her daughter (Walker, P.125). The character of Mama changes during the quilt scene as she come to realize that Maggie shares the appreciation of culture and heritage, and Deers appreciation is entirely different from theirs. In the action of the quilt scene, Dee is basically demanding Mama to give her the quilts, and Mama says, when I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet (Walker, P. 113). In other words, the truth hits Mama quicker than lightning. The truth is that the Dee is the daughter that does not know or understands the true appreciation of African American culture. Tuten says the story is ultimately about Mamars awakening to one daughterrs superficiality and to the otherrs deep-seated understanding of heritage (Walker, P.125). In Everyday Use, the author uses Mamars change in how she views her daughters to help defend her point, which is the importance of keeping the values and traditions in the African American culture. Tradition Mama expresses herself as a big boned woman with rough, man-working hand. She references conditions that were useful and necessary to survive for her ancestors. She can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man and can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing (Walker, P.115). So she is able to survive with the help of these methods that were passed on by her family from generation to generation. She has the ability to actually use these abilities and thus be independent. Mama is a tough and relaxed individual. When Dee badly show that she wants the quilts her grandmother made, Mama team with her daughter Maggie: I did something I never had done before: hugged Maggie to me, then dragged her on into the room, snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangerors hands and dumped them into Maggies lap(Walker, P.117). Mama does not want to surrender the quilts to Dee, she wants Maggie to have the quilts for everyday Mama portrays a mighty character who recognizes the value of her culture and fights for it. It obviously clear how very different Dee is from her family. One of the things that makes it so obvious ifs the fact that she is an educated woman and her family holds no educational background. Dee went to Augusta school. While Dee is educated, it come at a cost for her family because she uses her knowledge to present her dominance to her family at her return. The author uses expressive oppositions: she washed us in a river of make-believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge(Walker, P. 117), and the author goes on with words like pressed and shove to show Deers not so attractive attitude. She is determined to gain knowledge and be different from her ancestors. She uses her reading ability like a weapon to show her family how well educated she is and how small they are in their illiteracy. Conclusion In conclusion, Alice Walker utilizes symbolism and character development to express her personal emotions of culture and heritage, which is the extreme importance of maintaining and respecting the strong value of family and traditions. The symbols of the benches, the butter dash, and the quilts help represent the history of African American traditions. The character development of Mama, Dee, and Maggie help to show the different points of views that one may have about heritage, and Mamars fundamental eye opener of discovering which daughter values the same things as her in the same way. The change in Mama permits her to stand up to a daughter in a way that she has not before. The setting of the yard aids in telling the story behind the culture and heritage. Walker defends her perception on the extreme importance of protecting and admiring the value of African American culture and heritage.

Hanoi and Dear Tom Free Essays

string(27) " That food I go to Ha Noi\." Topic1: write a postcard to your friend, telling him/her about the place where you spend your holiday Dear giap, This is a picture of MyKhe beach. It is beautiful,in the sea sight looks very romanticly. The sun shone when I and my dad were going for a walk on the beach. We will write a custom essay sample on Hanoi and Dear Tom or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the contrary, when it rise (rose) (grammar), the glow of dawn was dazzling bright red but it was not intense heat. When the sun began to appear, at the same time I had (bo 1 had) (tense) breakfast with shrimps which are big and fresh. Food was cheap and delicious. Resorts was(were) comfortable and convenient as my home. I am happy and wish you were here with me. I hope we would meet each other soon. Topic2: Kumiko ia a Japanese student who visits HCM city on a study tour. She write a postcard to her friend at home telling him/her about the city and how she lives and studies Dear Kazuko, How are you? I hope you and your family are well. I’m doing a VietNamese language course. I meet some advantages and disadvantages when coming to live and study here. The first disadvantage, I got difficulties when communicating with many people because everyone speaks VietNamese. Then, I reach(reached) (tense) impasse about looking for accommodation because HCM city is very crowded. I still miss the Japanese food although VietNamese foods are delicious and cheap. I still do not adapt to them ( I don’t understand what you mean). Here, Pho is the most popular food among the population. I recongnize Pho is mostly commonly eaten for breakfast. I also like it, (I like it, too)especially Pho Ga (Pho with chicken). However, there are some advantages. I meet(met) some Janpanese classmates. In addition, professors are very zealous. I can ask them questions at anytime. Beside, VietNamese classmates are friendly and they help me so much. Viet Nam has many special things so I wish you will visit VN on near day. See you soon Topic3: you are going abroad for study. Write a letter to him/her to say goodbye telling him/her how feel on heading the news. Dear Tom, It is a nice surprise to hear that I am going abroad for study. This is wonderful news (sentence structure) but I not only sad but also qualmish and worry although I’m happy,too (incoherent: lung cung va mau thuan). Do you know the reason why? I am happy because it was(is) the opportunity I had been(was ) waiting for. I’ll be(bo tobe) approached with new education which (to)improve my knowledge. I’ll have a better diploma but I am worry(worrying). How will I live alone in a far country? I am sad and qualmish because I don’t want to be away from my small family, my friends and pretty neighbours. I don’t know how I will start new life? I am afraid of crying and missing everything. Hic! I am going to say goodbye to you! Look after yourself! I hope the time will fast elapse . (I will) come back with you and everyone on winter holiday. Try hard!!! See you soon. Topic4: Last Sunday you didn’t go out because it rained all day along. Write a letter to your friend what you did on that day. Dear Tom, You know, last Sunday I intended to visit you but it was raining cats and dogs so I had to stay in all day long. I had to find something to do. Firstly, I cleaned my room because it was dirty and untidy. Later, I cooked lunch with my Mum. We finished soon, a meal of lunch was delicious with Pho beef. My Dad praised us. I felt very happy and warm. After lunch my younger sister helped me washing dishes. After that I went back to my room and watched TV but there was no interesting chanel. I read continuously the novel which I like best and I felt asleep. In the afternoon , I got up when it was still raining . I played game online with my pretty younger sister. It was soon dark and after I had dinner(As soon as, my family had dinner after) I did some homeworks (sentence structure). When I had finished it I listened to music. I heard the song† My heart will go on†. The song that you and I like best. I hope, next Sunday it will not rain and I promise I will visit you. Topic5: you are having a birthday party. Write a letter to invite a friend to the party Dear Tom I am having a dinner party on Saturday. It is on November, 7th . I wonder if you are free on that day? Because everyday you are busy for your studying. We have not talked to each other about(in) two weeks. However that day is a night of weekend so I hope you will give me a little time to participate in my birthday party. You will be the most special guest. We will have many things to talk together. You know, I made a original plan for this important party. I will hold a party in my pretty garden. The menu has five dishes that I bet you’ll like them because I ‘ll cook them by myself. They are shrimp soup, roasted beef, barbecued meat, Indian curry, noodles and snails. After that we will dance and talk together in a(an) interesting room that I will have decorated it. I invite only twenty people. I am looking forward to your presence. See you then. Topic 6: write a letter to tell your brother/sister/friend what you are going to do next Sunday Dear Tom, Guess what! Next Sunday I am going to visit some places that I had made plan. Because I have not been good recently. It was a week-long trip. First(firstly), I’ll go to Ha Noi capital where visit some best friend. On the same occasion I will eat crisp shrimp pastry. That food I go to Ha Noi. You read "Hanoi and Dear Tom" in category "Essay examples" I regularly eat every time( lan nao toi cung an mon banh tom). Although Banh Tom is available almost every where in our country but it is the best to have it at Ho Tay restaurant on the banks of Truc Bach lake. Besides, I am fond of eating Trang Tien ice. After I will visit uncle Ho museum. The rest of 3 days I will go to Hai Phong city. The city is famous with the season of flamboyant. There are many streets full flamboyant( nhung khu pho o day rop. mauvang cua hoa fuong? ). Come here, I only go to Do Son beach. The sceneries are very romantic and beautiful. They make me feel comfortably. I will take many photographs to make memory. See you soon Topic7: write a letter to invite your friend to a meeting Dear Giap Can we get together for a meeting on Monday at 2p. m, if that’s possible? How are you and your family? What the matter with everything. I wonder are you free con that day? A long time ago we don’t have chance to know together. I hope you will try to attend the meeting. First we will congregate at my home. We can hold a small party outside if you want. My home has a pretty small garden. I think that is a good idea. Do you agree with us? We’ll talk one by one about everything( chung ta se noi cho nhau biet ve moi thu cua tung nguoi mot). After we will visit some teachers at senior high school. I bet with you that day our classmates are full. So you must arrange the important meeting. In particular, if monitor absents from the meeting you will be ostracize. I hope meeting you the sooner the better. Topic 8: a boy/girl has just send a present on your birthday. You write a thank you letter Dear Giap, It was very nice of you to give me a present on my birthday. I wonder why do you know my birthday. You made me felt unexpectedly and more surprise it was a thing that I like best. You know, astonishingly! It was very beautiful and more wonderful when I received it on my birthday. I not only happy but also be moved. I don’t know how tell thank you for this a special present? I only tell thank you so much indeed. I will visit you on near day, when I can. I bet we will have many things to talk together. Particularly, you must tell me the reason why do you know my birthday? See you soon. Topic9: A friend of yours has bought a new house in HCM city and wants to know something about the town he. she is going to live. Write a letter to tell him. her what to expect. Dear Tung, I know you have just bought a small house in my city I think you are new to the surroundings when your family move here. You want to know something about the city you are now going to live. I live here rather long. So I know some advantages and disadvantages when living in a big city and crowded as HCM. HCM city is one of the most important and modern in Viet Nam. Problem of education for your children is easy. The future is themselves and studying is the most important thing. Here, you can look for everything easily. If you have good qualification you will apply for job easily,too. And your promotion isn’t difficult. However, this city has some disadvantages. Such as population is crowded because the air isn’t clean. Rivers is polluted and smell felid. I said that it is crowded because you are always get caughtin the rush hours traffic. The price is expensive. The cost of everything is always steadily increase. In my opinion, you can bought insurance for things that you want. Besides you can deposit your savings in bank if you want to ensure for your family. Do you intend to settle in HCM city? How do you feel about HCM city? Maybe your new house is very nice, I think so. I’ll visit you on near day and hope your family and mine have a meeting. I expect the members in your family get used to new life quickly. To wish your family happiness. To meet again the sooner the better. Topic10: you have got a letter from a friend who said she/he would be coming to your city. Write 80 words. How do you do when your family come. Dear Tom, I’m so glad to hear from you. It is good news that you might be in my city for a few week’s time and visited me. When you go to my city I will pick you up at the Quang Ngai station. You don’t worry about hotel. My house has many rooms and I prepaired a room for you. You only come here travel comfortably. I will lead you go to the My Khe beach and Thien An mountain. We can take some photographs to make memory. Do you want to visit Dung Quat wharf? It’s large and beautiful. I’ll lead you go to visit Vinashin shipyard. There are many big ships from ten thousand ton to fifteen thousand ton. After we will go off to the native village for two weeks to get some good clean air. We’ll fly a kite in the afternoon. In the evening well catch fish with my uncle and etc†¦Many things I want to do with you. You haven’t come here but I am happy and looking forward to your visit. I miss you. The sooner the better. How do you feel about Viet Nam? What kind of places did you travel to? And next time will you have intend to traveling? Would you like to visit my hometown? How do you think about my suggestion? Billai@hotmail. com How to cite Hanoi and Dear Tom, Essay examples

Labor Market of Singapore-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Recent Trend in the Graduate Labor Market in the Global Scenario along with Identifying the Opportunities and Threat. Answer: In the current business scenario, more and more job opportunities are being created along with increase in the rate of unemployment. Though the increase of unemployment and job opportunities at the same time is quite contradictory, but the current trend is showing the same. There are various reasons behind this phenomenon such as aging population, rapid change in the technology, lack of training and development programs for the employees and difference in the knowledge domain of the would be employees and the corporate requirements (Ayres, 2013). Moreover, in the present era of globalization, inflow of the foreign and updated technologies is more, which further makes the existing graduates to cope up with the change in the technology. This essay will discuss about the recent trend in the graduate labor market in the global scenario along with identifying the opportunities and threat. Moreover, the impact of the factors such as inflow of the foreign technologies and aging population on the operation of the contemporary business organizations will also be discussed in this essay. Trend in graduate labor market of Singapore In the recent times, the growth rate of graduate employment in Singapore is going down drastically. According to the various reports, graduate unemployment is the all time highest in Singapore in 2016 (LOH, 2017). It is being reported that Singapore is having increasing rate of unemployment among the degree holders is rapidly increasing and it showed the highest rate in 2016 with having the most layoffs. The current rate of unemployment is 2.1 percent, which is the all time highest for Singapore in the last few years (Morrison, 2014). Figure: 1 Source: (Seow, 2017) From the above figures, it is being seen that, the employment growth is rapidly reducing from the last 17 years. Moreover, local employment growth is much lower compared to the foreign employment growth. Thus, the recent trend of graduate labor market is not favorable due to various reasons. The followings sections will discuss about the reasons of the increase in the rate of the unemployment among the graduates. Opportunities From the recent trend of the graduate labor market, the maximum opportunities will be gained by the business organizations. This is due to the fact that, the rate of increase in the graduate employees is more compared to a decade ago. Thus, business organizations are having more options during their recruitment process (Green Henseke, 2014). The available talent pool is more for them. In addition, in the current scenario, graduates employees are not from single field or sector rather they are from diversified sectors. Thus, it is also beneficial for the business organizations to have more options to meet the diversified organizational requirements. Employees are also having opportunities by having more career options compared to the non-graduates. Though, in the above discussion, it is been seen that, employment opportunities are reducing, however, the existing career opportunities will have more preferences for the graduates. This is due to the reason that, the graduates will have more domain knowledge, experiences and trained to meet the organizational requirement (Verhagen et al., 2012). Moreover, it is also helpful for the organizations to have the well trained and knowledgeable employees in board. Threat Apart from the identified opportunities, there are various threats that can get emerged from the recent trend in graduate labor market. One of the key threats for the business organizations is the increase in the rate of employee turnover. This is due to the reason that, the more educated and skilled will be the employees, the more they will be prone to change their existing organization for better opportunities. Thus, this will in turn increase the cost for the organizations. The cost will get increase due to the reason that, the more will be the employee turnover in the organization, the more will be the cost of training and development for the new employees (Hancock et al., 2013). Moreover, due to the high rate of turnover, employees will have less motivation to enhance their organizational citizenship. Thus, due to the emergence of huge number of graduate employees, organizations will have multiple challenges to face. Another key threat that they will face is the lack of the suitable employees and loss of opportunity cost. This is due to the reason that, in the current scenario, huge amount of graduate employees are there for jobs. However, according to various reports, there are only few those who actually suitable for the business corporate. Thus, it is challenge for the business organizations to choose the right and eligible candidate from the huge talent pool. Employees will also face from the threat from the current scenario of graduate labor market. This is due to the reason that, the more employees will be graduated, the less will be chance of being employed in the organizations. Job opportunities are not increasing at similar rate of increase in the graduate employees. Thus, there will a huge gap between the supply and demand of employees. With the existing job availability, a good number of graduate employees will fail to have job (Tewell, 2012). Moreover, another threat that they will face is the higher risk of attrition. This is due to the reason that, if the business organizations are having more number of options to replace any existing employees, they will less likely to rectify the particular employee in case of any mishaps. Rather they will terminate and replace with another employee. Thus, the employees will face the threat of termination at any point of time. Influx of foreign talent Inflow of the foreign talent will have both merits as well as demerits for the organizations. This is due to the reasons that, in the current scenario, inflow of the foreign employees pose both challenges and opportunities for the contemporary business organizations. One of the key demerits is the creation of diversity issues among the employees in the organization. This will emerge due to the reason that, more inflow in the foreign employees in the organization will create the issue with the local employees (Gomes, 2014). Local employees will have the impression that their effectiveness is not being valued by the organization and thus foreign employees are being recruited. Thus the level of motivation and job satisfaction for the local employees will get reduced. Moreover origination of the issues related to diversity in the organization will in turn reduce the organizational productivity and effectiveness. Another demerit of the inflow of the foreign talents will be the lower job opportunities for local talents. As discussed earlier, Singapore is already having the shortage of job opportunities for their local population. Thus, with the inflow in the foreign employees, this issue will get enlarged. Eventually, the issue of unemployment will get increased. In addition, language barrier will get emerged due to the difference in the language of the local and the foreign employees (Giulietti et al., 2013). Thus, the effectiveness of the business communication will get hampered. Apart from the demerits of the inflow of the foreign employees, there are various merits for the organizations. One of the key merits will be increase in the talent pool for the business organizations. With having the access to the foreign employees, business organizations will have the more options of potential candidates to choose from. Moreover, the cost involved in hiring the human resources will also get low with the initiation of the inflow of the foreign employees. This is due to the reason that, selection of the employees from the developing countries will involve less cost due to the low labor cost in those countries. Thus, the cost for the business organizations will get lowered. Impact of inflow of technologies In the present era of globalization, majority of the business organizations are having access to the latest technologies. Moreover, with emergence of the multinational organizations, developing and underdeveloped countries are also having the access of the updated technologies from the developed countries (Brincikoya Darmo, 2014). However, this will have negative implication on the graduate labor market. This is due to the reason that, with the rapid inflow of the latest technologies, it becomes difficult for the employees to cope up with the change and majority of them becomes unproductive with the change. Thus, they lose their competitiveness in the job market along with losing their job. In addition, up gradation of the technologies also lead to the automation of the operational facilities that further reduces the need of the manual labor. Thus, the issue of unemployment will get enhanced. Impact of aging population Aging population will have negative implication on the organization and employee flow. This is due to the reason that, the more aged will be the population, the less will be the availability of the candidates in the working age group (Anderson Hussey, 2017). Thus, the organization will face the challenge of selecting the employees from the right age group. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that, issues related to the graduate employees are rapidly increasing in Singapore. This is due to the reason of increase in the graduate employees and creation of less job opportunities. However, one recommended measure that may be beneficial in overcome this issue is providing the potential candidates practical training rather than just providing the theoretical knowledge. This will help the employees to get adjusted with the practical situation effectively. References Anderson, G. F., Hussey, P. S. (2017). Population aging: a comparison among industrialized countries.Health affairs. Ayres, S. (2013). The high cost of youth unemployment.Washington: Center for American Progress. Brincikova, Z., Darmo, L. (2014). The impact of FDI inflow on employment in V4 countries.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,10(7). Giulietti, C., Guzi, M., Kahanec, M., Zimmermann, K. F. (2013). Unemployment benefits and immigration: evidence from the EU.International Journal of Manpower,34(1), 24-38. Gomes, C. (2014). Xenophobia online: Unmasking Singaporean attitudes towards foreign talentmigrants.Asian Ethnicity,15(1), 21-40. Green, F., Henseke, G. (2014). The changing graduate labour market: analysis using a new indication of graduate jobs.LLAKES Research Paper,50. Hancock, J. I., Allen, D. G., Bosco, F. A., McDaniel, K. R., Pierce, C. A. (2013). Meta-analytic review of employee turnover as a predictor of firm performance.Journal of Management,39(3), 573-603. LOH, R. (2017).Jobless graduates highest since 2004.AsiaOne. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://www.asiaone.com/jobless-graduates-highest-2004 Morrison, A. R. (2014). You have to be well spoken: students views on employability within the graduate labour market.Journal of Education and Work,27(2), 179-198. Seow, J. (2017).Labour Market 2015: Job growth hits 17-year low, but real wages up 7%.Ifonlysingaporeans.blogspot.in. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://ifonlysingaporeans.blogspot.in/2016/01/job-growth-hits-17-year-low-but-real.html Tewell, E. C. (2012). Employment opportunities for new academic librarians: Assessing the availability of entry level jobs.portal: Libraries and the Academy,12(4), 407-423. Verhagen, W. J., Bermell-Garcia, P., van Dijk, R. E., Curran, R. (2012). A critical review of Knowledge-Based Engineering: An identification of research challenges.Advanced Engineering Informatics,26(1), 5-15.

Billy Boston and Russian Caucasus Essay

Billy Boston and Russian Caucasus Essay Billy: Boston and Russian Caucasus Essay Police sealed off densely populated portions the Boston metro area early Friday after a violent night of chasing the Boston Marathon terror suspects left one of the men and a police officer dead. The city's subway, bus and Amtrak train systems have been shut down. Taxi service across the city was suspended. Every Boston area school is closed. Police shot one of the men dead after a wild car chase through Watertown in which authorities say they hurled explosives at pursuing officers. Several sources told CNN that the dead suspect has been identified as Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 26. The one still being sought is Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, age 19. He had bullet wounds and injuries from an explosion, according to officials. The second man apparently escaped on foot. the Russian Caucasus and had moved to Kazakhstan at a young age before coming to the United States several years ago. The man identified as Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the older brother, had studied at Bunker Hill Community College and wanted to become a engineer The man died at Beth Israel Hospital. They ordered one suspect out and commanded him to strip down completely naked before putting him in a patrol car, which did not leave the scene. The man was later released and is not a suspect in the case. The brothers that set off the explosions have signed their own death warrants. Within 48 hours the FBI was able to identify and locate them. They killed one brother and the other barley escaped on foot. FBI and local police

Free Essays on Sample Reference Letter

1400 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10012 (212) 555-6239 April 10, 1998 Subject: Letter of Recommendation for Mr. James Miller To Whom It May Concern: James worked under my supervision as an editorial assistant from September 10, 1997, until April 5, 1998. His responsibilities included conducting research and interviews, fact checking, and writing brief front-of-the-book pieces, in addition to some clerical duties. During the course of his employment, James proved himself to be an able employee, a hard worker, and a talented writer. I was quite impressed by James' ability to complete all work assigned to him on time, if not before it was due. His research was always thorough and comprehensive, and his fact checking always accurate. We sometimes allow our editorial assistants to do some writing, but James' talents prompted us to assign him more pieces than the norm. His writing is clear, concise, and evocative. Overall, James is a very conscientious and able employee. I certainly believe he has what it takes to make a wonderful editor someday, and I am sad to see him leave. I strongly recommend James for any mid-level editorial position in publishing. Sincerely, Edward P. Larkin Executive Editor... Free Essays on Sample Reference Letter Free Essays on Sample Reference Letter 1400 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10012 (212) 555-6239 April 10, 1998 Subject: Letter of Recommendation for Mr. James Miller To Whom It May Concern: James worked under my supervision as an editorial assistant from September 10, 1997, until April 5, 1998. His responsibilities included conducting research and interviews, fact checking, and writing brief front-of-the-book pieces, in addition to some clerical duties. During the course of his employment, James proved himself to be an able employee, a hard worker, and a talented writer. I was quite impressed by James' ability to complete all work assigned to him on time, if not before it was due. His research was always thorough and comprehensive, and his fact checking always accurate. We sometimes allow our editorial assistants to do some writing, but James' talents prompted us to assign him more pieces than the norm. His writing is clear, concise, and evocative. Overall, James is a very conscientious and able employee. I certainly believe he has what it takes to make a wonderful editor someday, and I am sad to see him leave. I strongly recommend James for any mid-level editorial position in publishing. Sincerely, Edward P. Larkin Executive Editor...

Advertising campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advertising campaign - Essay Example he Nike swoosh exemplifies the spirit of the flying goddess who stirred the most daring and gallant warriors at the birth of civilization.   By the year concluded in 1971, BRS's returns were documented to reach a stifling one million dollars.   In 1972, Blue Ribbon Sports instituted their "Nike" (marked NI-KEY). It is worth noting that it was named after the Greek Goddess of Triumph, line of footwear (Espejo, 2010). After expanding to Canada in 1972, BRS officially renamed itself to Nike, Inc. in 1978.   Moreover, Nike headquarters was unlocked at 3900 S.W. Murray Blvd. in Beaverton, Oregon. This went parallel with their expansion into foreign marketplaces such as countries situated in Asia, and the inauguration of multiple manufacturing locations.   In 1979, the renowned Nike AIR expertise is born as well. By 1980, Nike, Inc. had surpassed nearly half of the athletic footwear market. It was noted that Nike made this possible not by traditional advertising means. This is beca use Nike did not produce a TV advertisement until 1982.   Their success happened through the spread of Nike's reputation in the athletic footwear industry. It was noted that the athletes and customers gave Nike positive reviews. It is important to state that the positive image that Nike had fashioned for themselves has held to this day. This is because Nike remains the major choice for numerous athletes everywhere the world.   Later, Nike instigates its advertising campaign aided by Wieden and Kennedy, an indigenous advertising organization.   Nike then inaugurated its status for crafting unique and exciting ads, commencing with its "Just Do It" watchword in 1988. Campaign strategy – rationale The rationale for Nike’s â€Å"Just Do It† campaign strategy were numerous. First, the management of...By 1980, Nike, Inc. had surpassed nearly half of the athletic footwear market. It was noted that Nike made this possible not by traditional advertising means. This is because Nike did not produce a TV advertisement until 1982. Their success happened through the spread of Nike's reputation in the athletic footwear industry. It was noted that the athletes and customers gave Nike positive reviews. It is important to state that the positive image that Nike had fashioned for themselves has held to this day. This is because Nike remains the major choice for numerous athletes everywhere the world. Later, Nike instigates its advertising campaign aided by Wieden and Kennedy, an indigenous advertising organization. Nike then inaugurated its status for crafting unique and exciting ads, commencing with its "Just Do It" watchword in 1988. Campaign strategy – rationale The rationale for Nike’s â€Å"Just Do It† campaign strategy were numerous. First, the management of Nike at the time thought it would be a good idea to increase its sales. This is because without proper marketing, their sales had increased significantly. This happened mainly through the use of word of mouth. As a result, through more discussions, the management came with the idea that a real advertising campaign will be more than beneficial to the company. Moreover, the management believed in keeping the client base in large numbers and happy. Therefore, they alleged that this strategy will present the client with rationale behind their products and motivation hence make the client dependent on the product.

Business Letter And Literature Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Letter And Literature Summary - Essay Example Finally, on all your future travels with us, kindly expect the best kind of service that only Virgin Atlantic could offer. Once again, we sincerely apologize for the inconveniences that we have caused you on board our flight from Mumbai to Heathrow. Also, we would like to thank you once again for your continued patronage to Virgin Atlantic and for helping us point out the problems with respect to our services so that we can ensure the betterment thereof, to provide only the best service to our loyal customers like you. Thank you very much and Good Day! Sincerely Yours, _________________________ Marketing Manager Virgin Atlantic Introduction Studies conducted with respect to customer retention have focused on the manner by which the customers respond once the issue of service failures has become an important aspect thereof (Zemke 1995). Parenthetically, researches that have been conducted in relation to this topic have highlighted the importance of the so-called â€Å"mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises (Yockel 1997; Zemke 1995).† Evidently, the latter is considered as the primary basis that underscores service relationships. Service recovery is thus deemed necessary most especially when the manner by which a corporation delivers a particular service tends to go wrong (Nguyen 2006). In a nutshell, service recovery has been referred to as that effort of the company aimed towards providing the customers and the clients with the outcome they desire even though the latter has already experienced a failure in the previous delivery (Young and Burgess 2010; Yockel 1997). Service recovery is also concerned with the adoption of pertinent steps and measures to prevent the commission of the same mistake (Nguyen 2006;... Studies conducted with respect to customer retention have focused on the manner by which the customers respond once the issue of service failures has become an important aspect thereof (Zemke 1995). Parenthetically, researches that have been conducted in relation to this topic have highlighted the importance of the so-called â€Å"mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises (Yockel 1997; Zemke 1995).† Evidently, the latter is considered as the primary basis that underscores service relationships. Service recovery is thus deemed necessary most especially when the manner by which a corporation delivers a particular service tends to go wrong (Nguyen 2006). In a nutshell, service recovery has been referred to as that effort of the company aimed towards providing the customers and the clients with the outcome they desire even though the latter has already experienced a failure in the previous delivery (Young and Burgess 2010; Yockel 1997). Service recovery is also concerned with th e adoption of pertinent steps and measures to prevent the commission of the same mistake (Nguyen 2006; Osborne 2004; Tschohl 2005). It is then because of this that the importance of service recovery has been underscored in the field of service management and service marketing. Without a doubt, service recovery strategies are deemed of paramount importance in view of its ability to positively affect customer loyalty as the former somehow prevents the turnover of those who have been previously dissatisfied with the service provided

Law Essays Certain Selling Arrangements

Law Essays Certain Selling Arrangements Certain Selling Arrangements The introduction of certain selling arrangements has imposed an unnecessary straitjacket on the development of the Keck principle. Not only is the Keck formula too narrow; paradoxically, it is also too broad in that it catches dynamic measures (such as restrictions on advertising) and therefore takes them outside the scope of Article 28 even though they do affect inter-state trade. (C. Barnard, The Substantive Law of the EU. The Four Freedoms (OUP 2d ed.) at 149). Discuss Article 28 (ex 30) EC provides that: â€Å"Quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between Member States†. Although this may initially seem simple, it has caused substantial difficulties when it comes to measures having equivalent effect when the rules are indistinctly applicable (ie. they apply equally to domestic and non domestic goods). As will be seen, the confusion around dealing with these measures was intended by the ECJ to be halted by the judgment in Keck. This essay will critically evaluate the decision in Keck in order to consider whether it has indeed served this purpose. A definition of measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions was introduced by the ECJ in 1974 in the case of Procureur du Roi v Dassonville: â€Å"All trading rules enacted by Member States which are capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-Community trade are to be considered as measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions.† Although this definition proved helpful to the Court, its application tended not to distinguish between indirectly and directly applicable measures. It was also very broad, leaving many regulations open to examination by the Court. This in turn lead to large amounts of litigation for the Court to deal with. In Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung fur Branntwein (â€Å"Casis de Dijon†) a narrower approach was adopted. The case concerned the legality of a German law which prescribed a minimum alcohol level of 25% for certain spirits, including cassis. German cassis was above the 25% level, but French cassis was not. Therefore, although the German law was indistinctly applicable, the result of the measure was to preclude the French cassis from the German market. The ECJ applied the Dassonville formula but went on to state that: â€Å"Obstacles to movement within the Community resulting from disparities between the national laws relating to the marketing of the products in question must be accepted insofar as those provisions may be recognised as being necessary in order to satisfy mandatory requirements relating in particular to the effectiveness of fiscal supervision, the protection of public health, the fairness of commercial transactions and the defence of the consumer.† The case therefore introduced the concept of the ‘rule of reason’ to applications of Article 28 in the context of indistinctly applicable measures. In the Cassis de Dijon case itself it was held that the measure had been enacted in the interests of public health and fairness to commercial transactions, but that it was not a necessary means to achieve these objectives and was therefore in breach of Article 28. The cases concerned the legality of a French law prohibiting the resale of goods in an unaltered state at prices lower than their purchase price. Keck and Mithouard were prosecuted for breach of this law but claimed that the rule was incompatible with EC law. The ECJ considered Article 28 and applied the Dassonville formula. It was stated that the legislation could have the effect of restricting the volume of sales of imported goods as it deprived traders of an important method of sales promotion. The Court then went on to state that:Although the Cassis de Dijon case placed a limit on the very broad approach of the Dassonville formula, it was not without its problems. The application of the ‘rule of reason’ was difficult for domestic courts. The ‘Sunday Trading’ cases demonstrated this when a challenge was made to the legality under Article 28 of national rules limiting Sunday trading. In some cases it was held by the national courts that the rules were just ified, in others that they were disproportionate. As a result of this uncertain approach, a change in the way the ECJ dealt with this problem was clearly necessary. This change came in the form of Keck and Mithouard which â€Å"marks an important turning-point in the Court’s jurisprudence on Article 28†. â€Å"In view of the increasing tendency of traders to invoke Article 30 of the Treaty as a means of challenging any rules whose effect is to limit their commercial freedom even where such rules are not aimed at products from other Member States, the Court considers it necessary to re-examine and clarify its case law on this matter.† The Court then considered the Cassis de Dijon case and the extent to which the application of rules which limited free movement of goods could be justified as in the public interest: â€Å"However, contrary to what has previously been decided, the application to products from other Member States of national provisions restricting or prohibiting certain selling arrangements is not such as to hinder directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, trade between Member States within the meaning of the Dassonville judgment †¦ provided that these provisions apply to all affected traders operating within the national territory and provided that they affect in the same manner, in law and fact, the marketing of domestic products and of those from other Member States.† It was therefore held that Article 28 did not apply to ‘selling arrangements’ and therefore the French law had not been in breach of the EC law. The decision in Keck has been said to be ‘lacking in principle’, yet it has also been praised for its ‘tendency to cut back on unnecessary intrusions into the laws of the Member States in cases where access to the relevant national market is not at stake’. Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the decision is the distinction draw between rules that are to do with the product itself, and rules which relate to the selling arrangements in place for that product. Indeed, it has proved difficult to determine exactly what is meant by ‘selling arrangements’. In Hunermund pharmacists were prohibited from advertising, outside their premises, products which they were authorised to sell. It was held that this was a method of sales-promotion and was therefore outside the scope of Article 28. Moreover, in Banchero defendants to a smuggling charge invoked Article 28 in relation to Italian rules reserving the retail sale of tobacco to authorised distributors. The authorised distributors could only gain such status where the national body which held a monopoly over tobacco production in the country granted it. It was held that the system did not impede access to the national market, was a selling arrangement, and was therefore compatible with Article 28. In contrast, measures constituting requirements to be met, such as a Dutch law prohibiting dealings in gold and silver products not bearing certain hallmarks (Houtwipper) and German laws requiring the labelling of the contents of certain foods additional to those specified under EC law (Commission v Germany) are within the scope of Article 28 as they relate to the goods themselves, rather than merely the selling of the goods. The difficulties in lack of workable definition of a ‘selling arrangement’ are seen particularly starkly when considering the Courts’ approach to the advertising of goods. In Leclerc-Siplec the ECJ held that legislation which prohibits television advertising in a particular sector amounted to a selling arrangement. Therefore, even a complete ban on advertising of certain products will not come within the scope of Article 28 if the ban applies to domestically produced and imported products equally in law and in fact, as the Court held when considering a ban on television advertising directed at children under 12 in Komsummentombudsmannen v De Agostini. This means that the free movement of goods can be seriously hampered and the main provision designed to prevent this will have no effect whatsoever. In this sense, the approach offered by Keck is too broad. However, advertising and other measures intended to increases sales have not always been held to be ‘selling arrangements’. In Vereinigte Familiapress Zeitungsverlags- und Vertriebs GmbH v Heinrich Bauer Verlag Austria had prohibited periodicals from featuring prize draws or competitions. The ECJ formed the view that publishers would use such competitions with the hope of increasing circulation. However, the rule was held not to be a selling arrangement as it concerned the content of the magazine, equating to a requirement to be met. Article 28 applied and the Austrian rule was in breach of it. Although the measure was justifiable under the Cassis de Dijon formula, the provisions of Keck were too narrow to include this scenario. This approach therefore does not solve the problem created by the Cassis de Dijon case of uncertainty in application. Furthermore, in Schutzverband gegen unlauteren Wettbewerb v TK-Heimdienst Sass GmbH Austrian legislation provided that bakers, butchers and grocers may offer goods for sale on rounds in a given administrative district only if they also traded from a permanent establishment in that district or an adjacent municipality, where they offered the same goods for sale as they did on their rounds. It was that this amounted to a ‘selling arrangement’ but one which did have a differential impact on domestic traders and others. This approach therefore entails an analysis of market access, which was a factor in the pre-Keck jurisdiction, but which was supposedly outside of the Keck approach. The academic reaction to Keck at the time of the decision was in the main critical and it was argued that Keck placed too much emphasis on factual and legal equality at the expense of market access. It was suggested that denying that selling arrangements came within Article 28 as long as they did not discriminate in law or in fact ignored the importance of market access as trading rules could be formally equal yet still operate so as to inhibit market access. Academics have therefore argued for an approach based on market access, with a main advocate being Weatherill. He has suggested that the correct approach should be to focus on market access rather than just factual and legal equality. To this end he has proposed a modified test: â€Å"Measures introduced by authorities in a Member State which apply equally in law and in fact to all goods and services without reference to origin and which impose no direct or substantial hindrance to the market of that Member State escape the prohibition of Articles 30 and 59 [as were].† This opinion was not confined to academics, and was raised judicially by Advocate General Jacobs in Leclerc-Siplec. Jacobs AG felt that advertising could play an important role in breaking down barriers to inter-state trade and was therefore dissatisfied that it should be outside Article 28. He suggested a modification to involve a test of ‘substantial’ hindrance, so that if a substantial restriction on access to the market was acting then it should be caught by Article 28. However, this suggestion was not applied by the ECJ. Further judicial consideration has come from Advocate General Maduro in Alfa Vita where he stated that while Keck was intended to clarify the ambit of Article 28, it had ‘proved to be a source of uncertainty for economic operators’. He went suggested a three point solution: prohibition of all discriminatory provisions, whether direct or indirect; the requirement that any supplementary costs on cross-border activity be justified and; that any measure which impedes to a greater extent the access to the market and the putting into circulation of products from other Member States should be considered to be an MEQR. From the analysis above it may be concluded that although the Court in Keck attempted to resolve the problems of both the broad approach of Dassonville and the difficult to apply Cassis de Dijon, the result has been far from simplistic. Indeed, it is still unclear as to exactly what factors the court will consider when examining the legality of provisions in relation to Article 28. What is clear though, is that the Court is again willing to reconsider the approach and there may yet be a further attempt to restructure the approach to this area of free movement. Bibliography Barnard, C. (2001), â€Å"Fitting the Remaining Pieces into the Goods and Persons Jigsaw?†, 26 ELRev 35 Connor, T. (2005), â€Å"Accentuating the Positive: The ‘Selling Arrangement’, The First Decade, and Beyond†, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 54, 1, 127 Craig, P. De Bà ºrca, G. (2008), EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press Enchelmaier, S. (2004), â€Å"Four Freedoms, How Many Principles?†, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 24, 155 Chalmers, D. (1994), â€Å"Repackaging the Internal Market – The Ramifictions of the Keck Judgment†, 19 ELRev 385 Fairhust, J. (2007), Law of the European Union, 6th Edition, Pearson Longman Gormley, L. (1994), â€Å"Reasoning Renounced? The Remarkable Judgment in Keck Mithouard† EBLRev 63 Reich, N. (1994), â€Å"The November Revolution: Keck, Meng, Audi Revisited†, 31 CML Rev 459 Roth, W.H. (1994), â€Å"Casenote on Keck and Hunermund†, 31 CML Rev 845 Steiner, J., Woods, L., Twigg-Flesner, C., (2006), EU Law, 9th Edition, Oxford University Press, pg 374. Weatherill, S., (1996), â€Å"After Keck: Some Thoughts on how to Clarify the Clarification†, 33 CML Rev, 885

The Jewish Partisans of The Holocaust Essay -- Nazi, Jewish

Resistance during the Holocaust, both Jewish and non-Jewish, is a daunting task to cover. Information abounds in relation to this which leads to the problem of putting all of it into one paper. Due to this, I will only cover the specifically Jewish Partisan fighters. The movements are divided into two groups of Eastern and Western Fighters. Partisans fought in almost every European country including but not limited to Belgium, Poland, Russia, France, Italy, Greece, and Lithuania. â€Å"A partisan is a member of an organized body of fighters who attack or harass an enemy, especially within occupied territory; a guerrilla.† The Jewish partisans were mostly teenagers, both male and female, of which ten percent were women, but also included all ages, which either formed their own organizations or joined Soviet, Polish, French, or other major partisan groups. There were between 20,000 and 30,000 Jews who joined partisan groups. They were mostly normal people who were lucky enough to have escaped German camps, ghettos, transports, or who were never captured in the first place. The role of the women was usually to cook in the camps, smuggle weapons and ammunition, and serve as doctors and nurses, and other infrastructure roles. However, some did join in combat situations and some were even employed as scouts for the partisan units. The Jewish partisans lacked weapons, shelter, and other essentials, so they were forced to steal what they needed and usually hid out in the forests and mountains. Any outside help in the East was supplied via airdrops from Moscow, and in the West it was via British airdrops. What they lacked in resources, they made up for in organization and efficiency. They were tied in with major underground communicatio... ...abotage ." http://www.untilourlastbreath.com. Michael Bart. St. Martin's Press, 2008. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. . "Jewish Partisans." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. USHMM, Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . "Jewish Partisans." Wikipedia. MediaWiki version 1.18wmf1. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 11 January 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . "Resistance During The Holocaust." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. USHMM, Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . "What is a Jewish Partisan?." Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation. Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation, 2006. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. .

Review of Related Literature and Studies Essay

The importance of the business educators is increasing as the business world becomes more complex. Through this program, the students are educated to become skilled individuals who can contribute meaningfully to the overall effectiveness in an office setting, teaching and learning in schools. According to Hornby (2006) he says, â€Å"Curriculum is a subject that is included in a course of study or taught in a school, college, etc.† On the other hand, Uwaifo (2006) stated that a close look at the current Vocational and Technical Education curriculum generally reveals some problems that border on inadequate course content. Uhumuavbi and Ebhomhen (2006) in their own vain statement, they said that irrespective of the level of education and training given during the pre-colonial days in Africa, it was functional because the curriculum was relevant to the needs of the society. Unemployment if it existed, at all was minimal and very few young men roamed the villages and towns with nothing to do. According to Snyder (2008), a flexible curriculum is important because there is no single curricular path to career success. We are giving students more flexibility; this is not a radical departure from our curriculum. While Robert and Booth (2008) stated that the curriculum changes allow students to increase the intensity of their studies. According to Hasan (2001) the current status of the Indonesians educational system is somehow affected by current academic performance, curriculum, and quality of teachers and level of education. The policy directions for curriculum development were very positive and there was a lot of challenge for the Ministry of National Education to follow-up in the implementation of policies formulated, design a curriculum that includes technological system and information system to uplift the academic  performance in every level of education. Updating of the physical facilities is needed to improve teaching and learning process. Wagan (2001) stressed that continuous evaluation of the school curriculum should not be overlooked. Time and development in the business call for change and modification. The suggestions of graduates maybe a rich source of information for authorities, curriculum makers and in-service training program coordinates for materials that need emphasis and innovations. The National Association for Business Teacher Education (NABTE) is the institutional division of NBEA. The primary purpose of the organization is to promote business teacher education by providing national leadership and services to its member institutions and business teacher educators. Membership is open only to such colleges and universities that offer business teacher education curriculums approved by their respective State Departments of Education for the certification of business teachers. NABTE highlighted the importance of professional development in its publication, Business Teacher Education Curriculum Guide & Program Standards (2011). It emphasizes that business teacher educators should be involved in continual professional development activities and highlighted the importance of the course itself for future reference. The education paradigm emphasized during the early part of the 21st Century clearly called for an emphasis on basic skills (No Child Left Behind, 2001). The term â€Å"basic skill† is widely recognized as skill in reading, writing, or math. In fact, the United States national assessment of educational achievement assesses students in two basic skill areas: mathematics and reading. The term reading refers to the ability of a subject to phonemically announce and comprehend written or symbolic material. A licensed teacher is even highly regarded, according to the No Child Left Behind Act 2001, â€Å"highly qualified means that teachers have passed the teacher licensing examination.† (Tileston, 2004, p. 8). Foreign Studies Earlier research studies into the professional development needs of business teacher educators felt they needed more preparation in the development of new teaching methods; it seemed to echo the same perception of practicing business teachers (Polkinghorne, 2006). As a result, Boatright (2005) reported that all teachers must receive â€Å"adequate preparation† to work with  an â€Å"integrated curriculum†. Most teacher education programs use students’ grade point average (GPA) as a criterion for admission (Mikotovics & Crehan, 2002). Some programs combine GPA with ratings of a written profile, which requires applicants to describe relevant experiences and why they are interested in teaching or with letters of reference (Caskey, Peterson, & Temple, 2001) or with ratings of applicants’ performance in an interview (Denner, Salzman, & Newsome, 2001). In the United States, standardized test results are commonly used. Results from specific pre-requisite education courses also may be utilized. Finally, for applicants intending to become high school teachers, most consecutive programs require university-level coursework in the subject areas to be taught. Grade Point Average. GPA is the most widely used criterion for admission to teacher education programs (Lawrence & Crehan, 2001; Mikitovics & Crehan, 2002). It is generally believed to measure academic ability and so is thought to predict success in the instructional parts of the programs. However, a more important reason for its popularity as a criterion is likely its ready availability from students’ transcripts and its use by other advanced degree programs. Written Profile. The second most widely used criterion for entrance into teacher education programs is an applicant profile, typically consisting of written responses to specific questions about relevant experiences and interest in teaching. Such a profile includes much of the same information that could be elicited in an individual interview. The responses may be reviewed by the teacher education program for evidence of appropriate preparation and genuine interest and for evidence of unsuitability for teaching (Caskey, Peterson & Temple, 2001). In Ontario, all but one teacher education program uses some form of profile or essay response for screening applicants (Teacher Education Application Services, TEAS, 2004). Interview. The interview provides a unique opportunity for the teacher education program to gather information about an applicant’s language proficiency, attitudes, and interpersonal skills, in addition to information similar to that which could be gleaned from a written profile (Denner et. al., 2001). Interview ratings have also been found to be of limited value for predicting student teaching performance (Byrnes et. al., 2000; Caskey et. al., 2001; Denner et. al., 2001). However, they found that ratings of applicants’ performance in a  group interview predicted student teaching performance and that this type of interview was a better predictor than academic criteria. More recently, Byrnes, Kiger, and Shechtman (2000) studied 65 pre-service teachers, comparing their university supervisors’ and supervising teachers’ ratings of their student teaching performance with their ratings from a group interview intended to assess applicants’ verbal, interpersonal, and leadership skills. The group interview ratings added significantly to the prediction of the university supervisors’ ratings of the pre-service teachers’ student teaching performance, after controlling for the contributions of GPA and ACT test scores, but not to the prediction of the supervising teachers’ ratings. Standardized Tests. Many teacher education programs in the U.S. use results from standardized tests in their selection processes. For example, 28 states and the District of Columbia require applicants to pass the Praxis I: Pre Professional Skills Assessments (Educational Testing Service, 2006), which tests basic skills in reading, writing, and mathematics knowledge. There does not appear to be a consistent protocol for the use of or selection of standardized tests in the United States, and none are used in Canada as the mandate for Education falls under the jurisdiction of provincial governments. Courses in Subject Area. Applicants for consecutive programs who wish to train to be elementary school teachers are often assumed to have adequate subject matter knowledge if they have a Bachelor’s degree (although some programs will require them to also pass tests of reading, writing, and mathematics). Applicants for preparation as high school teachers, however, typically must provide proof of adequate knowledge of the subject areas they intend to teach. Often, this requirement is met by providing a university transcript showing completion of the required numbers of courses in the specialization areas. More recently, Stotsky (2006) has suggested that the content of the course should be considered and that university academic departments should be held responsible for the content knowledge of elementary and high school teachers in their disciplines. Overall Success in a Teacher Education Program. A few studies have examined the ability of admission criteria to predict overall success in a teacher education program. Caskey, Peterson, and Temple (2001), for example, analyzed the admission data for 82 applicants who were subsequently admitted to a one-year consecutive teacher education program. They found  that ratings of reference letters and a writing test score were most highly correlated with overall program performance. The correlation has the GPA of: 11 with personal statements, 16 with the performance of problem-solving by group, and with a holistic rating of completion application with .03 GPA. Together, the six admission criteria accounted for 38% of the variance in program performance. Hamel and Merz (2005) indicated the potential positive impact on student achievement emphasized through legislation seemed â€Å"reasonable enough† (p. 158). In fact, they indicated that teacher education institutions should work with federal policy makers to find the best way to improve student achievement. A myriad of social science researchers indicated subject-matter knowledge is an important component of effective teaching (Draper, 2008; Kehe, 2003; Stone et. al., 2008). A teacher’s ability to contextualize abstract content-knowledge to authentic learning opportunities is essential to the student’s ability to retain and apply knowledge to unique situations. Contextualizing subject-matter knowledge in social context is supported in both content area reading and cognitive research. Early content area reading research focused on students’ ability to pronounce written materials. To achieve this, according to the National Policy on Education (2004), computer education was integrated into the primary school curriculum, a welcome development but sad to note that subjects like shorthand, typewriting, commerce, and book-keeping are integrated together to form business studies thereby losing their original identity. Local Literature In the growing demands of today’s modern world one should be aware of the striking challenges and complexities of life today. Being aware of these things can do a big contribution in terms of the development of the society as well as the citizen of the society. The test of the greatness of a nation lies on the quality of education of its people. Thus, education plays a vital role in developing and producing locally and globally competitive citizens. On the other hand, if Business Teacher Education program are aiming for quality education and successful teachers, they should consider the effectiveness of the courses and programs being offered as well as the competencies of the teachers in transferring the knowledge and skills to the  future educators of the country. While various schools and other institutions offering business teacher education are having difficulties on improving the performance rating of the graduates in the licensure examination for teachers, it is very interesting to know the admission policies of the schools and the quality of the business teacher education program in producing competitive educators of the country. On the article of Vea Reynaldo (2009) discussing about the World education news and reviews, she made mention about the Philippine educational system. She said that entrance to universities and other institutions of higher education is dependent on the possession of a high school Certificate of Graduation and in some cases on the results of the National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE), or in many colleges and universities the results of their own entrance examinations. The NCAE is administered to fourth-year high school students to gauge the quality of the individual institutions they are attending, it was not designed or intended as an admission test, but has nonetheless served that purpose for some institutions and helps students to choose their career paths. Privately administered testing programs through the Center for Educational Measurement (CEP) are also widely used by colleges for admissions purposes. The two most common ones are the College Scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT) and the Admission Test for Colleges and Universities (ATCU). The Philippine Education Placement Test (PEPT) is a national examination designed to evaluate the grade level of students returning to the school system or seeking admission to college based on knowledge and skills gained through formal and non-formal methods. Paredes (2000) states that the task of universities, colleges, and other educational institutions engaged in teacher education is to produce teachers whose preparation allow them to possess not only a high degree of technical skills and a thorough education underlying the practice of teaching, but also to become persons qualified to assume the responsibilities of educational leadership in the communities in which they will work. Enriquez, (2000) gives importance on accepting students engaged in Teacher Education Program who would unselfishly devote their lives to the noble task of teaching, which the researchers think will do a great help in producing competent teachers that will help students to  become a productive citizen of the country. The admission policy at Polytechnic University of the Philippines on the year on school year 2011-2012 is on a FIRST-COME-FIRST-SERVED basis subject to the availability of slots. In addition to the general criteria set by the University, admission to an academic program depends on the satisfaction of the specific criteria such as PUPCET Score, High School General Weighted Average and High School final rating requirement in selected HS subjects.) In the College of Education, the specific criteria in admitting aspiring students should have a minimum PUPCET score of 99, on the high school general weighted average their minimum requirement is 82% and the final rating in the English subject should be 82%. The students should pass also in the final interview to be admitted at the College of Education. According to Basaen, et. al. (2005), he wrote about the results of licensure examinations have become measures of the quality of instruction, faculty, and students. Accrediting agencies as well as C.H.E.D. have used government board examination results as gauge in granting schools the university status, center of development, and center of excellence. Moreover, on the results of the licensure examination for teachers at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines from the year 2008-2013 the researchers had gathered. It had been showed from year 2008 that overall results were 63%, wherein 91 out of 144 passed the examination. While on the year 2009, the overall results were 56% wherein 267 out of 479 had passed. On the year 2010 there are 141 who passed out of 359 examinees equivalent to 39.25%. While on the year 2011, the overall results were 40.86 wherein 143 had passed out of 350. On the other hand, on year 2012 the overall results was 72.69% where in 330 out of 454 had passed the examination. Lastly, on the current year 2013, the results decreased from 72.69% to 60.33% wherein 146 had passed out of 242. Thus, there is varying results on the performance rating of the students at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. It only goes to show that there is still a need of an improvement. Local Studies Licensure examination is a scholastic aptitude test designed to measure some intellectual abilities and skills and that will serve as a requirement for eligibility in the teaching profession. It is the last hurdle that a  candidate must face to acquire a license to work. A board has the ultimate responsibility to ensure that the examination meets the technical, professional, and legal standards, and protects the health, safety, and welfare of the public by assessing candidates’ abilities to practice competently in their chosen field. According to Ornstein and Levine (2006, p. 28) licensure and testing for teachers is one of the steps that improves public confidence in the teacher workplace. Panawidan (2000) found in her study of The Status of the Teacher Education Program of Higher Education Institutions in Region XII that the enrolment in Teacher Education was relatively high compared to other disciplines. She said that teacher education programs are found to be oversubscribed including courses in Business Education, Humanities, Social Sciences and Communication. There seemed to be resurgence in the demand for teachers here and abroad. She also said that teacher education program was well implemented by majority of the teacher education institutions because of compliance to CHED requirements. In addition, results showed that there were more LET passers in the elementary level than in the secondary level. There are several factors which could influence the performance of higher education institutions that are offering teacher education program. According to Tan C (2006) in her study of the Factors influencing the performance of teacher education program in selected state universities and colleges in Region IV-A, some faculty-related factors and dean-related factors influenced the performance of teacher education programs in terms of passing rate in the LET and employment rate of graduates. Supervision of the deans indicated by the dean’s activities towards the improvement of classroom instruction and dean’s supervisory practices for the development of better school and community relationship had significant and positive effect on the passing rate. The more often the deans did such activities, the higher was the passing rate in the LET. Another factor was the school climate since a good school climate results to higher passing rate in the LET, although this condition had a negative influence on the employment rate. The dean’s longer years of teaching resulted to lower passing rate in the LET but the dean’s education attainment positively influenced the employment of the graduates. Layba (2003) conducted his study on Evaluation  of the Quality Teacher Education Program in Higher Education Institutions in the Province of Laguna which consisted of 13 privates and public tertiary schools for school year 2002-2003. In his study, the researcher involves the administrators and teachers of selected tertiary schools as respondents. The results revealed several strengths and weaknesses of the education program among school respondents. According to Limo (2010) on his study about the Need-based Reviewer in Technology and Livelihood Education for the licensure examination for teachers, it is concluded that the reviewer in T.L.E. is a useful materials in preparing education graduates whose major are technology and livelihood education to take the LET. LET-T.L.E reviewer prepares graduates in the LET in the different components they are not trained in. It has a content update in each component or practice test items that guide the target user on how to identify the correct answer. Moreover, the reviewer was found highly valid as to objectives, contents, instructional materials and practice test items; hence they are expected to be able to assist the TLE graduates to pass the LET. Valenton and Dela Cruz (2007) found on their study about The â€Å"Performance in the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Technology and Home Economics Graduates at Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology†, the batch passing rates of LET takers from 2003-2006 were all lower than 30%. Also, the LET takers had a satisfactory performance only in the Field of Specialization and did not perform well in the General Education and Professional Subjects. It might be implied that the BSE Graduates major in T.H.E. did not perform well the LET given in years 2004 to 2006. BIBLIOGRAPHY FOREIGN LITERATURE Books Delta State University (2006). â€Å"Business Education Unit Academic Programme for B.S. Degree in Business Education.† Abraka, Delsu. Thesis F.O. Ohiwerei and N. Azih (2010). â€Å"Comparative Programmes of Business Education In Nigerian Universities (A Case Study of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta State University, Abraka)†. Polkinghorne, Frederick William (2009). â€Å"Reading Skill Integration in High School Business Courses: Perceptions of Business Teacher Educators in the United States† Journal Casey, Catherine E. et. al. (2007). â€Å"Teacher Education Program Admission Criteria and What Beginning Teachers Need to know to be Successful Teachers†. Webliography National Association for Business Teacher Education 2011, http://www.nabte.org/ http://www.nbea.org/newsite/curriculum/standards/ Red River College and the University of Winnipeg, http://me.rrc.mb.ca/Catalogue/ProgramInfo.aspx?RegionCode=WPG&ProgCode=BUSHF-DP Proquest, LLC, http://udini.proquest.com/view/reading-skill-integration-in-high-pqid:1879088921/ LOCAL LITERATURE Theses Paredes Enriquez Caseldo, Dante L. (2008). â€Å"Academic predictors of the licensure examination for teachers performance of the University of the Cordilleras BSED-MATH Graduates.† Webliogragphy Nick Clark, http://www.wes.org/ewenr/09jan/practical.htm LOCAL STUDIES Thesis Limo, Mark Raguindin (2010). â€Å"Need-Based Reviewer in Technology and Livelihood Education for the Licensure Exam for Teachers†. Valenton et. al. (2007). â€Å"Performance in the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Technology and Home Economics Graduates at Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology† Umali, Severino E. (2009). â€Å"An Evaluation of Technology and Livelihood Education Program among Selected Secondary Schools in the National Capital Region (NCR)† Pajarillo, Marcela Bartolome (2012). â€Å"Evaluation of Private Higher Education Institutions in Bicol Region Based on Baldrige Education Criteria for Performance Excellence: Basis for Planning Institutional Improvement† Webliogragphy Hanz, http://www.dearhq.org/licensure_examination.htm/August2008